The paradigm shift from centralized into decentralized solutions allow to face the increasingly complexity of industrial systems, with CPS being the backbone infrastructure to develop Industry 4.0 solutions.

Furthermore, when these structures are enhanced with emergent technologies, e.g., IoT, AI and multi-agent systems, innovative solutions can be built to solve real-world complex problems, namely for zero defect manufacturing, smart electrical grids and smart agriculture.

Intelligent and collaborative robotic systems are a form of CPS, particularly collaborative robots performing their tasks by sharing the workspace with operators, aligned with Industry 5.0 perspective, and autonomous mobile robots performing tasks and decisions without the human intervention, requiring the use of artificial vision and AI algorithms to support navigation, planning and control tasks.